فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 48 (زمستان 1400)

Landscape design involves functional as well as perceptive and imaginative aspects of space. It is this particular combination, which is essential to making contemporary landscapes more attractive. Legibility is a quality of the environment that clarifies the city and makes the city's image better remembered. In urban parks, the components of spatial legibility can create different degrees of territorial behavior in citizens. According to Lynch's theory, these components include the legibility of paths, nodes, districts, edges, and landmarks. Therefore, the impact of urban parks legibility on several users and reaching a territorial behavior in these spaces formed the present study's focus. Territory refers to the part of urban spaces that individuals or groups regularly and consistently benefit from and protect against intruders and outsiders because of their sense of belonging and ownership of the area.Any personalization and marking in the environment or defense against harassment is considered a form of territorial behavior. Territorial behavior is one of the social dimensions of urban spaces. The quality and way of its occurrence are related to the quality of urban public spaces. In other words, citizens' attitudes and levels of territorial behaviors interact with the criteria by which they evaluate an urban public space as favorable, with high quality. Strengthening territories in parks create an environment that will give users a sense of belonging and ultimately lead to increased social interactions in the urban environment. The purpose of this research is to study the process of the impact of legibility and how to apply methods to improve territorial behavior in urban parks. This research used a descriptive-analytical research method, followed by a survey to serve the empirical research aspect. The paper claims that the proper path widths, recognizable entrances, distinguished districts, and the ease of comprehension of the space are useful and considered by the citizens to be very desirable and necessary to create legibility. Also, having different people in a park and being comfortable and flexible is one of the most vital factors in enhancing the sense of ownership and defensiveness of a place. To enhance territoriality and understand the space, it is necessary to consider the criteria by which citizens evaluate legibility because of differing the legibility assessment criteria in diverse parks. The design of spaces should also consider the citizens' diversity and cultural differences and create spaces appropriate to the people who use that place, following the social and cultural context. The results show that legibility indicators must exist together in one space to make that space understandable from citizens' viewpoint. Moreover, this understanding will ultimately enhance the sense of ownership and territory. Physical legibility is analyzed through variables such as geometry, spatial structure and configuration, visual barriers and disruptions, access capabilities, underlying architectural components of routing and path recognition, node, edge, district, landmark or landscape, and quantitative and syntactic legibility. Compared to related research, the innovation aspect Conceptual modeling and extraction of readability mechanisms and processes (factors on components) in urban parks are other unique aspects of the study.

One of the problems of today is the separation of different social groups from one another and is disregard to Ignore different social layers. Weakness that has the effect of increasing day-to-day living and reducing social life and communal ethics. The present study, using Levinas's philosophy that emphasizes one's face-to-face with another, offers a kind of ethical phenomenology. What sort of spatiality can Levinas's desired socialization in design a social center to meet?The basis of ethics in Levinas's philosophy is the asymmetry of the moral relation between subjects and the prohibition of any moral debt. In a relationship asymmetry, not all matters are subject to the same principles and tasks. An infinite notion of the other is a model for the subject's right relationship with another and creates a countless sense of responsibility for him. Face-to-face with another human being is a rebirth and an unpredictable and transcendent experience for him. This face-to-face, if confronted visage-to-visage, which is inherently peaceful and friendly, leads to dialogue, to the teaching of reason, and to the community that Levinas is considering. Finally, general issues raised by Levinas's face-to-face thinking include intuitive perception, being evasive, and asymmetrically intersubjective.Attention to the relationships and interactions of different social groups is essential to understanding individual, social, and preternatural concerns and needs for growth and prosperity. The purpose of the research is to approach design qualities that incorporate them into social centers to enable interactions with daily life for a wider community. In this regard, the components of socialization as a dependent variable and the components of syntax as independent change are reviewed and based on Levinas's ethical perspective, three different scenarios of syntax components are designed in the virtual environment. Then, by formulating an observation and interviewing program based on the components of socialization, the data were collected at the sequential level from the group that navigated the virtual scenarios. They were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. To construct scenarios, the syntax components include "relevance", "cohesion", "depth", "choice" and "control". The use of scenario building is based on the experience of Lange 3, which in its research for a possible future change of the current status of a pavement in a rural landscape, provides three scenarios of agriculture, recreation, and nature conservation as a virtual model and animates the participants. Finally, explored participants' viewpoints for their research on how to prepare and deliver simulations for stakeholder engagement (Longe & Longe, 2017).The results show that applying the formative qualities in Scenario 3, which has been attempted to be most consistent with Levinas's thought, can be efficient in enhancing the socialization of space. Scenario 1 also managed to gain some of the second ranks, but Scenario 2 is not recommended for sociable spaces. Thus, it turns out that a scenario in which the qualities of transactionality, complexity, and ease of use, disorder, and uncontrollability have been used, have greater potential for Levinas's desired socialization in social center designs.

From old days, bridges had a role beyond a passage and were considered as public spaces with function of accepting activities. The purpose of this article is to describe a model for studying bridges as an urban space and also studying those types of bridges, which are urban spaces. The article seeks the answer for the following research questions focusing on i) which types of the bridges have the qualities to be an urban space, and ii) how to reinforce the role of the bridge as the urban space. Responding to the research questions, we have classified the bridges and introduced the types that have the capability of being an urban space and defined urban space and the factors and indicators affecting it through the descriptive-analytical research method. Data were collected through documentation and survey and information analysis by meta-analysis method, summarization and ANP. The studies carried out in the research indicated that the bridges can be of various uses other than being only a pathway. Therefore, the bridge’s definition and typology will be studied and the elements and criteria affecting the assessment of the urban space quality were introduced. The three characteristics of the bridges were such as pathway to cross the obstacles, and characterized joint through connection between two sides. Thus, a general definition for a bridge can be, “bridge is a structure constructed to cross the physical obstacles and as a joint connects two sides together”. Also, according to the urban development scholars' views, the most prominent components of urban space are physical, functional, semantic, contextual and environmental elements. Subsequently, it can be said that the urban space is a part of the physical space of the cities having a history of being old and active and belongs to the public where social activities are mostly happening. Also, the criteria including visual pleasure ability, diversity of use, public accessibility, physical configuration, richness of sense, sociability, diversity of users, human scale, readability, animation, relation with nature, robustness, environmental control, comfort, safety and health, publicness and proportion with the cultural and historical contexts are, respectively the most applicable of the urban space. Therefore, the role of the bridge as an urban space was reinforced, in addition to their three essential functions, the bridges must possess the criteria of an urban space, too. Therefore, a bridge as an urban space is “a part of the physical space of cities created for crossing the obstacles and connecting two sides together and as a joint has a history of being aged and active and possessed by the public”. Studying the criteria of the urban space regarding the types of the bridges which were more capable of turning into an urban space indicated that the functional factors are more effective in strengthening the bridges’ roles as the urban spaces compared with the other criteria. According to the study constructing bridge-museum, bridge-market and bridge-recreation areas are of the successful samples that can change and reinforce the role of the bridges as an urban space.

One of the most important things in the tourism industry is the ease of travel and choosing an easy route for tourists. Optimal tourist perception causes tourists satisfaction with the environment. Therefore, tourists who have experienced the presence in the environment have a greater sense of satisfaction by enjoying the well-being in the environment. The evaluation of tourist destinations is directly related to the quality of services provided and the needs of tourists in the environment. Tourists expect their needs to be met in the environment, so as a travel strategy, providing the desired quality of services can cause more satisfaction to tourists in the urban space. Urban planning requires attention. The tourism industry, as the second most lucrative industry in the world, plays an important role in the economy and prosperity of cities, and increases satisfaction with how to choose the route to reach attractive points, prevent confusion in wayfinding , how to access services and facilities and meet expectations. Tourists can increase their desire to return to their destination. One of the most important things in the tourism industry is the ease of moving and choosing an easy route for tourists from one point to another. When a tourist is unfamiliar with the environment and enters it for the first time, he tries to find and discover his route, in this case he uses the external information in the environment and finds his route. Therefore, tourists' satisfaction with wayfinding behavior in urban space is influenced by two components of mental-cognitive factors and physical-visual factors. Tourist satisfaction has a psychological dimension that is effective from the experience of the person's presence in the environment and the evaluation of the person's experience in the environment to evaluate the destination and use travel strategies such as travel guides, tourist attractions, maps and tour guides, The security and experiences of the individual from the past and the indicators and socio-economic characteristics. Due to the fact that tourist satisfaction and wayfinding behavior is affected by physical-visual and mental-cognitive factors, so in the direction of tourists in urban space, the tourist receives information from the environment and executes his decision and decision. Among the physical-visual factors affecting the wayfinding process, we can mention the key elements, route guides, tourist attractions, access to facilities and services. Signs are one of the main tools for directing tourists in urban areas. Physical factors and the pattern of the network of passages in the tissue in familiar environments increase tourists' satisfaction with the wayfinding process. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effective factors on increasing the satisfaction of tourists the wayfinding process. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey nature and is based on quantitative method. Field observations and a questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson test correlation method. The results show that tourists' satisfaction depends on physical-visual and mental-cognitive factors, and tourist wayfinding and determining the position between origin and destination using physical factors.

Implementing the urbanism science has increased recently in Iran. Utilization of this imported science in Iran without sufficient attention to has resulted in contemporary confused cities. These matters have motivated urbanism researchers to naturalize urbanism science through valuable old texts written by Muslim scholars. Up to now, "Nahj_al-Balagha", "Shahnameh of Ferdowsi", "Hafez's Divan", "Mosibatname of Attar", "Nasir Khusraw's Safarname", "Haft-Peikar of Nezami" and "Ibn Kaldun's Moghadame" have been used by researchers in the texts of urbanism or architecture. The titles, sentences, themes and contents of these texts were extracted and employed in urbanism texts. This article emphasizes on usage of old Persian texts for production or indigenization of urbanism science and offers the method for it. There are three steps to achieve this purpose.1) Firstly, two subjects were defined in the theoretical part:The process of science production was defined to include six stages: worldview, philosophy, paradigm, theory, model and phenomenon. The weakness in theorization is the most important issue in Iranian Urbanism. In addition, western science has mostly been imported to Iran from "theory" stage. Therefore, it's necessary to focus on "Theory" stage or "Theorization".Among different subjects of old valuable texts, "mystical ethics" is selected in this article, as mysticism and ethics had been employed in Iran's tradition cities. Also, Mystical ethics are matched with stages of "Islamic monotheism worldview", "Islamic philosophy" and "Islamic paradigm". Moreover, the goal of mystical ethics is personality prosperity and then social prosperity. 2) Secondly, In the A section, there is a way of "Theorization" that has been accepted by Muslim scholars. It has four levels: 1- the ideas, 2- discovery of the relationship, 3- description and expansion, 4- implementation.In the B section, there is an accepted method for usage a text. This famous method has been called "Zaherieh and Batenieh" and includes multiple steps.3) Finally, both of the processes ("Theorization" and "Zaherieh and Batenieh") are united to make up the final method for employing of old Persian texts in order to produce or indigenize the theories of Iranian urbanism. This method includes the following instructions.The brief rules in the texts of mystical ethics are used as "Ideas" in urbanism theories.The rules of mystical ethics have apparent and ambiguous meanings. So it's necessary to acquire them according to proposed method.It is necessary to create a relationship between the ethical code and urbanism subject. This step is called "discovery of the relationship". (The gained meanings in the previous stage will be of help to this step). There are two states in this part: if ethical rule has a relationship with existing theory, it would be transformed into a native theory; otherwise, a new theory should be created.The "expansion" stage includes enough description for growing up the hidden theory. One way is comparing ethics and the fact in the city. If there is a difference, the ethical code must be prevailed.The "implementation" step is suggested as a subject of a future article.

The living space of a person , from the house to the neighborhood and the city , shows his / her beliefs and the way of life . Research on the relationship between lifestyle and physical living space of the people , has opened the door to an interdisciplinary discussion that is related to anthropology and sociology , on the one hand , and to the physical and semantic characteristics of the home on the other . If we consider lifestyle beyond everyday life and home beyond physical and meaningful features , we can consider that a person’s lifestyle influences his / her shaping of his / her house , and on the other hand , the physical shape and form of the house that he/she lives in it will be affected ; an effect which is continuous . Now, if this person settled in a pre-arranged house (as what happened in Abadan after the oil industry), the sequence of the influence imposed on the lifestyle and the type of housing will be cut off and another kind of connection will be established between the person and his/her place of residence.Research question : What physical differences did the residents of Abadan’s corporate homes experience in the new housing , and which components affected their lifestyle ?Purposes of the research : By reflecting on the concept of lifestyle, this study will try to explain the relationship between the characteristics of the lifestyle and the shape of the residence and examine the relationship between the two. In this way, it will investigate the impact of the lifestyle of the people of Abadan on the shape of imported housing and urban development, which was established after the establishment of the refinery and at the same time appeared with the formation of the new city of Abadan.

The research method for data collection in this research is the method of documentary and library studies and a qualitative strategy will be used to analyze the relationship between the house and the lifestyle of the residents and also to compare the samples. Also, this research is a fundamental-applied research , in which the methods of interpretation and correlation have been used as the strategy and method of research.The most important .

According to the research results , the lifestyle of the people of Abadan has been affected by the shape of the different houses , in which they have been housed , in a way that their lifestyle has changed significantly as compared to their lifestyle before settling in this city and the physical space of the new housing have clearly influenced the habits , the social relations and the livelihoods of the residents ; hence by influencing their cultural , economic and social capital , their consumption patterns , behavioral patterns , tastes , leisure time and social roles have been changed , too.

Interventions in historical contexts are taking place with different approaches throughout Iran and the world. The present study was designed to answer the question of what approaches should be taken in relation to residents’ viewpoints in the Jobebara neighborhood of Isfahan, which is a historical context. For this reason, after reviewing a variety of strategies, the residents’ opinion and their democratic intervention and social participation were selected as the appropriate research strategies, which was tested through a questionnaire of residents’ opinions on the subject under investigation. The method of the present study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods so that the interpretation and analysis of various books and articles related to the field of interfacial development are placed alongside the quantitative method (questionnaire) in the field of analysis, and evaluation of interfacial structures and also for the purpose of the application. The data collection methods in this study are library and field research, because the researcher first studied library resources and then field studies, interviewed specialists in the field and residents in the context by drawing visual questionnaires on the subject of research. To identify infill buildings, all approaches to infill buildings include ten methods including, maximal contrast, and stylistic approach, stylistic maximum likelihood and new synergy approach, facade approach, ornamental approach, deductive approach, and line design, neutral or zero degrees, unstable architecture coexistence, style and fantasy, subtle or mirrored building approach, contextual architecture with continuity approach, hybrid approach were analyzed and then co-integration and integration approaches were analyzed. Finally, integrated approaches were decreased to 5 approaches, the approach of conflict and contrast maximum and candid style, approach parallels maximum style and synergy between the new and old approach, preservation of the facade approach, neutral or degree zero architectural approaches, and creating subtle or mirror new buildings, respectively. In developing the questionnaire, a growing number of images related to the architecture of infill buildings in historical contexts of different parts of Iran and the world, especially the city of Isfahan, including Jouyebra, were tested by the Delphi method and based on five selected approaches in this field. The scores on both questionnaires were scored on a Likert scale (score scale), in which each image was scored from very low to very high (1-5). Then, the highest-rated images and their questions were surveyed by 360 residents, and finally, 340 people were accepted and analyzed by the IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. Investigating the reliability of the variables under examination in the historical texture of the river. It was found that the inhabitants of the neighborhood generally wanted a completely new and modern construction in their texture, compared to being in harmony with the existing texture. This means that most residents were unenthusiastic in the texture of their neighborhood and were looking for modernity. For this reason, the findings showed that residents’ views of reflective and mirrored approaches to new buildings to the neutral or zero degree architecture approaches ranged from highest to lowest, respectively.

Nowadays, Historic Bazaars are considered the backbone of cities, and in addition to business development in cities, they are also the identity of the city and citizens. Historical Bazaars in Iran have continued to function for thousands of years because of the intersection of economics, culture, religion, and education, and the main reason for this is the presence of very rich social capital on the market. Not only in Iran but also globally, the historic bazaar of Tabriz is the most important bazaar recognized and registered by UNESCO as an international heritage. A variety of economic and social activities can be observed in this bazaar. The necessity of examining the status of social capital in the historic bazaar led to the present study aimed at examining the social capital in the historical bazaar of Tabriz in terms of architectural occupations and spaces. The research is of applied type, and its nature is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research is citizens of Tabriz's historical bazaar. A Five-Likert scale questionnaire was used to assess social capital status. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by university professors, which was calculated by Cronbach's alpha 0.896. The results of the research findings using factor analysis model showed that 82 jobs were summarized in 15 major occupational groups and ranked as important as cultural-religious, jewelry, grocery, handicrafts, leather, carpet, textile industries, protein jobs, canteen, home appliances, computer services, building materials, chemicals, electrical appliances, and financial services named. The results of the regression test on the highest amount of social capital among the clients of traditional business applications in the traditional market showed that high-end jobs had a higher correlation rate than low-wage jobs. Then, based on the results of the multivariate regression test, it can be concluded that the sum of the variables studied in this study is capable of explaining 68.7% of the variance related to the amount of social capital available between businesses and citizens in Tabriz historical market complex. Moreover, the results of the regression test on the correlation between jobs and different segments of the Tabriz market showed that the order space was 0.415, the mosques were 0.386, the inns 0.364, the teams were 0.364. There are positive and significant correlations between social capital. The size of the shops, bathrooms, and schools was not significantly correlated with the amount of social capital. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the status of social capital in the Tabriz market in terms of human variables. Finally, the consequences of the multivariate regression test on the correlation between human variables with social capital in the historical market of Tabriz showed that, respectively, citizen's age (0.512), shopkeeper age (0.416), number of shops bought (0.369), shopkeeper gender (0.221) and citizen gender (0.220), have a significant positive correlation with social capital. As a result, based on the findings of the study, practical suggestions were made to strengthen the amount of social capital in the market as well as market management in terms of market social capital.